Osseointegration
Michael S. Block, DMD
Ronald M. Achong, DMD,MD


History of Dental Implants
Replacement of lost dentition has been traced to ancient Egyptian and South American civilizations. In ancient Egyptian writings implanted animal and carved ivory teeth were the oldest examples of primitive implantology. In eighteenth and nineteenth century England and colonial America, poor individuals sold their teeth for extraction and transplantation to wealthy recipients. The clinical outcomes of these transplanted dentitions were either ankylosis or root resorption. Continued research prolonged allotransplant survival but did not appreciably improve predictability.

In 1809 Maggiolo placed an immediate single-stage gold implant in a fresh extraction site with the coronal aspect of the fixture protruding just above the gingiva. Postoperative complications included severe pain and gingival inflammation. Since then various implant materials were used ranging from roughened lead roots holding a platinum post to tubes of gold and iridium. Adams in 1937 patented a submergible threaded cylindrical implant with a ball head screwed to the root for retention for an overdenture in a fashion similar to that done today.

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